Promotional and Advertising Strategies †Automotive Industry

Introduction This paper compares and contrasts the marketing and advertising strategies of Audi and BMW. Both companies are German-based and sell their products in the luxury car market. The two companies have a history of marketing and advertising rivalries that have manifested through public advertising wars (Kumar 9).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Promotional and Advertising Strategies – Automotive Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same rivalry has manifested through the development and application of new technologies. This paper explores different aspects of their marketing strategies and promotional campaigns. Comparison and Contrast of the two Marketing Strategies According to Kotler (5), a company’s marketing strategy consists of four distinctive areas – product, place, promotion, and price. This section of the paper evaluates the marketing strategies of Audi and BMW base d on this marketing framework. BMW For a long time, BMW has marketed itself as a luxury automobile brand (Klein 7). In line with this strategy, the company has continually targeted affluent people with a high disposable income because they can afford their cars (Johnson 9). BMW’s place strategy focuses on constructing different manufacturing plants in different markets (Johnson 9). Through this strategy, the company does not import its cars from Germany because it manufactures them in their host’s location. Comparatively, the company’s pricing strategy centers on charging their customers a premium for improved value. This value has emerged from improved technology, luxury and the infusion of advanced car features (value-based pricing) (Klein 7). Its promotion strategy has focused on positioning the BMW brand as a household name. To do so, the company has developed innovative advertisements (Johnson 6). In line with this strategy, the company has also sponsored h igh-profile events like the Olympics. Lastly, BMW’s product strategy has focused on developing cars (usually sedans) with sleek designs and high quality. Its products also have advanced technology, low gas mileage and a high performance (Klein 10). AUDI Similar to the BMW, Audi’s product strategy centers on providing its customers with high-tech, modern and quality vehicles (Kumar 5). In line with this strategy, the company strives to produce products with advanced technology. Its cars also have the latest features in automobile production. Audi’s slogan â€Å"truth of engineering† sums this product strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company’s price strategy aims to make the company’s cars affordable to many people. In this regard, Audi cars retail at average prices compared to its rivals, such as Mercedes Benz and BMW (Bhasin 3). However, the company has made sure that this pricing strategy strikes a careful balance with quality. Stated differently, although Audi cars are affordable, they have a high quality. This is why Kumar (7) argues that although Audis may be relatively cheaper than its rivals, both brands observe the same level of quality in their car production processes. Audi’s promotion strategy has focused on presenting their cars as racing machines (Kumar 7). The company believes that this strategy would show that the company’s cars are faster and better than others are (Bhasin 3). Lastly, Audi’s placement strategy highlights the company’s quest to avail its cars in major showrooms. This way, its customers could inspect the cars in their respective countries. The table below compares the marketing strategies of both BMW and Audi Marketing Component BMW Audi Place Manufacturing cars in hosts’ locations Importing cars from Germany (its headquarters) Price H igh Prices (value-based pricing) Average price Promotion Sponsoring high-profile events, such as the Olympics Sponsoring racing events Product Provides its customers with high-tech, modern and quality vehicles Provides its customers with high-tech, modern and quality vehicles Marketing Information In today’s fast-paced and competitive automotive market, carmakers need to gather useful marketing information that would set them apart from their competitors (Bhasin 3). In particular, Audi could use this advantage because its overall sales (globally) are lower than BMW’s (Kumar 7). Particularly, the company should use marketing information to get a broader understanding of the global automobile market and identify untapped opportunities it could exploit. Furthermore, with a proper marketing information system in place, Audi could easily track and improve independent operation processes in its production processes (Bhasin 3). This way, the company could easily establ ish a broader perspective not only of the global automobile market, but also of its independent processes, thereby facilitating improvements, which would give it a competitive advantage over its rivals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Promotional and Advertising Strategies – Automotive Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Two uses for Consumer-Oriented promotions that could help one company in the short term and long term Consumer-oriented promotions are useful to carmakers, both in the short term and long-term because competition in the global market is higher than ever before (Johnson 9). Such promotions may include price reductions, tax rebates, coupons and other inducements. Audi could benefit from such promotions to improve its competitive position in the market. In the short-term, the company could retain more of its customers this way (Ray 4). For example, if it offers free after-sales service to its customers, the company could retain more customers in the cutthroat automobile market because its customers would be more appreciative of the extent that the company is going to earn their business. In the long-term, consumer-oriented promotions could improve customer loyalty to the Audi brand (Ray 4). For example, when customers know that they could always get a good price for a high quality car (through rebates or sales); they are likely to develop a strong brand loyalty to the brand. Analyze the Strategic Manner in which the leading company in this product group has made its pricing decisions by using one or more of the four pricing objectives Some of the most common pricing objectives are increasing monetary sales, increasing returns on investment (ROI), maximizing long-run profit, maximizing short-term profit (Kotler 17). The key components of BMW’s pricing mix strive to meet two of the above-mentioned pricing objectives – increasing ROI and increasing mon etary sales. The company achieves these goals by adopting a premium-pricing model. Indeed, as Klein (13) observes, targeting high-end customers allows the company to charge a higher price for its units, thereby allowing the company to enjoy higher margins than its competitors. This way, it increases its monetary sales and ROI. Suggest Two Actions that other Companies within the Same Product Group may take to differentiate themselves and gain a competitive Advantage In a competitive market, companies have to differentiate themselves by adopting unique marketing strategies that would earn them a competitive advantage (Kotler 3). Many automakers, such as BMW, Audi, and Mercedes Benz, saturate the global luxury automobile market. Mercedes Benz competes directly and indirectly with the two companies discussed in this paper. The company could differentiate itself by adopting a unique service model. According to Kobran (2), this strategy could help to show how Mercedes Benz is different fr om other luxury brand companies. The difference could emerge through a depiction of unique car manufacturing processes and its differences with other companies that operate in the same market segment.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To demonstrate how this advantage will differentiate Mercedes Benz from its competitors, Kobran says, â€Å"Companies that can demonstrate a more effective way to service their customers often gain a competitive advantage and a compelling way to differentiate† (3). Alternatively, Mercedes Benz could differentiate itself through technical expertise.  This differentiating factor does not mean that the company should differentiate itself through technology only. Instead, it could project itself as having a solution to a perennial problem among car buyers (Kobran 5). For example, it could present itself as the company that builds stable cars. Collectively, adopting unique car manufacturing processes and advancing its technical position in the automobile industry could help the company to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals such as BMW and Audi. Define the most Effective Advertising Medium for a Company in the Selected Product Category There are different types of adver tising media used by different companies to promote their brands. The most common types of advertising media include television, radio, print publications, internet, direct mail, and sponsorships. Although these advertising strategies have different advantages and disadvantages, some of them are more effective in the automotive industry than others are (Ray 6). The most effective advertising medium for promoting luxury car brands, such as BMW and Audi, is sponsorship. The justification for the advancement of this strategy is its focused nature (Kotler 15). For example, sponsoring motor events is likely to market a car brand among people who like cars. This way, car companies would be targeting specific and not general audiences. Ray calls this type of marketing strategy â€Å"marketing with the end in mind† (5). Furthermore, sponsoring a car event taps into the emotional appeal of such events among potential customers who are passionate about cars (Kotler 16). Similarly, it i s more relevant than other types of advertising, which marketers could use in the luxury automobile market, because it is relevant by reaching potential customers where they choose to be in. Sponsorship is also more effective than other types of advertising in the automobile market because it is interactive (Kotler 16). Stated differently, while other types of advertising, such as television and radio, are monologue, sponsorship is a dialogue between sellers and potential buyers. Therefore, luxury carmakers, such as BMW and Audi are bound to benefit from the continuation of sponsorship as their main promotional strategy. Conclusion This paper has shown that BMW and Audi are rivals in the luxury automobile sector. They have different marketing strategies that have propelled them to leadership positions in the global automobile market. Their marketing strategies converge based on their promotional and product strategies. However, they differ in terms of their place and pricing strateg ies. Since BMW has more sales numbers than Audi does, this paper proposes that the latter should exploit marketing data to gain a competitive advantage by gaining a broader perspective of its internal processes and identifying possible opportunities for improvement. This paper has also shown that other companies in the luxury brand segment could differentiate themselves in the market by adopting a unique service model and through improved technical expertise. To wade through the cutthroat automobile industry, this paper also proposes that leading automobile brands should pursue sponsorship as the main advertising strategy because it is more interactive and focused, compared to other available strategies. This advertising strategy is likely to increase their sales numbers and earn them a competitive advantage over their rivals. Works Cited Bhasin, H. 8 Advantages of Marketing Information Systems. October. 2012. Web. Johnson, R. BMW AG: Marketing Plan. 2015. Web. Klein, A. Marketing P lan: BMW 1-series in Germany, London, UK: GRIN Verlag, 2007.  Print. Kobran, S. How To Differentiate Yourself When You’re Not that Different. 2013.  Web. Kotler, P. Kotler On Marketing, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2012. Print. Kumar, A. Marketing Plan: Audi Company Overview. 2014. Web. Ray, L. The Long-Term Effects of Customer-Oriented Sales Promotions. 2014.  Web. This essay on Promotional and Advertising Strategies – Automotive Industry was written and submitted by user Dangelo Ryan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What factors made a person better at estimating the size of an angle or the length of a line Essays

What factors made a person better at estimating the size of an angle or the length of a line Essays What factors made a person better at estimating the size of an angle or the length of a line Essay What factors made a person better at estimating the size of an angle or the length of a line Essay From this data we made a hypothesis on what factors made a person better at estimating the size of an angle or the length of a line. My hypothesis was that year 10 pupils would be better at estimating both the size of angles and the length of lines than the adults and the year 7 children but adults answers will be closer to the mean on average. To prove this I would have to use the information in the spreadsheet .I first found the mean of angle 1 ,angle2 ,line 1 and line 2 in all of the sample of year ten all of the sample of year seven and all of the sample of the adults because using this I could find the average percentage error of each group because I felt this was essential in trying to prove the hypothesis I made earlier .The means for each were as displayed in the table below:Year 10Year 7AdultsAngle157.7665.4251.25Angle 2142.72141.04147.05Line 13.874.553.6275Line 214.5214.6112.7325At the moment when I produced the data it didnt interpret the data into what I wanted to know but I could find using the spreadsheet so first decided to find the percentage error of each group again using the calculation shown in the preliminary testing this was(difference between original and average estimates / actual size/length)* 100But first we thought that in the data there may be rogue results these are called outliers and are values that do not follow the data in a reasonable trend and so can be eliminated using a certain formula that creates upper and lower fences and if values fall outside of these two fences they can be classed as outliers and will be dismissed from the data . To implement this formula we need to find the upper and lower quartiles of the data, so by using Microsoft excel this data was found. The formula to find upper and lower fences to eliminate outliers is as follows:Lower Fence = Lower quartile 1.5 * inter quartile rangeUpper Fence = Upper quartile + 1.5 * inter quartile rangeFrom this we gained our upper and lower fences which wereYear 10Upper FenceLower fenceAngle 173.537.5Angle 2190110Line 15.51.625Line 222.37.7Then we did the same for year 7Year 7Upper FenceLower fenceAngle 192.532.5Angle 220585Line 17.251.25Line 219.57.5And for the adultsAdultsUpper FenceLower fenceAngle 16533Angle 2188.75110.75Line 15.51.625Line 26.87517.675With this data we deleted rogue values which amounted only to three.So now we can find the percentage error without worrying about rogue values influencing what could be a vital difference.Year 10 (%)Year 7 (%)Adults (%)Angle 17.218.96.8Angle 27.99.035.12Line 14.6232Line 216.1716.881.9This gives us an idea of to which group is better at estimating the sizes of angles and the lengths of lines but to see this in another way we can use box plots which are very useful for comparing sets of data from different groups within a certain population. The length of the whiskers can give an indication of how the data is skewed, either positively or negatively. Also the true value can b e marked on to compare each of the medians to each other. By looking at the box plots , more specifically where the quartiles are marked we can see whether people tended to over estimate or under estimate. If the median is inclined slightly towards the upper quartile then people in that group under estimated more often than not and vice versa.So here are some box plots that compare all the age groups at both angles and lines.From this we see that the adults mean value is closer to the actual value of both angle 1 and angle 2 plus both the values of lines 1 and 2 ,this provides even more evidence to suggest against my hypothesis that years 10 pupils have a better ability at estimating both angles and lines because we have seen this through a percentage error and several box plot diagrams that we gained from using the averages from different groups but to prove my second statement in the prediction that adults estimates would be closer to their mean answer, which effectively means tha t adults made similar estimates to each other than the year 10 and 7 pupils , I need to use a statistical device called standard deviation this measures the spread of values from the mean, the bigger the value the more the answers are spread from the mean.Angle 1Angle 2Line 1Line 2Year 1011200.952.5Year 715301.53Adults1019.512.4We see the adults standard deviation figure being the smallest for three out of the four categories which proves one of my hypothesis statements correct but the other wrong this is because It was more of a guess than a prediction.Over all the taking all statistical methods used I came to the conclusion that adults were actually better at estimating both angles but it was interesting to see that the adults guesses had a small deviation from the mean (standard deviation) . The year 10 pupils by my calculations were second best ,their percentage errors were either very close to the adults in two out of four cases or dramatically a field from the other angle and line like the other two cases but their was a link between the angle and the line that were quite a bit out from the adult counterparts they were both the larger angles and lines using this information this could of provided another route of investigation to follow but then their was a factor preventing this being time and also looking at the year 7 data they were exactly the opposite to year ten pupils , where as they tended to be further out on the larger values of angle 2 and line 2 ,year 7 tended to be further out on the smaller sets of angle 1 and line 1 so their could have been a connection between this data and their ages or maybe gender but time did not permit us to investigate these fields.If I could reiterate the experiment I would make a more detailed hypothesis inducing me to analyse all possible fields that could of affected a persons ability to estimate the size of angles and lengths of lines an example of this is gender or intelligence but the field that I investigate d which was age came out to me with a very clear result , this was that on average the older you are the better you are at estimating the size of an angle and the length of a line ,but we must take into account that we used a random sample of 25% from each group this meant that we could of missed some peoples estimates that could of affected or swayed the results to a different conclusion this could be important. This means the concluding statement may not actually be correct if further investigated with more detail and with more age groups such as year 8 , 9 and 11 but is still correct for the investigation we carried out.

Oxygenation in Paediatrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oxygenation in Paediatrics - Essay Example This is a simple visual inspection and involves checking for signs of reducing cyanosis on the tongue and extremities such as the palms and soles of the feet. This method is simple and easy to implement. However, differences in skin color and inability of the health professional to discern color change significantly limit this method. For instance, in blacks, cyanosis cannot be easily observed and may sometimes go unnoticed until it is too late. To solve this limitation, equipment are usually used. The most common of the instruments is the pulse oximeter. This is a device that is attached to the patient’s finger and measures the actual oxygen content in the blood. It, therefore, monitors the extent and effectiveness of oxygenation (Sinha 2012, p. 312). The main limitation of the equipment monitoring is that some people may read and interpret the readings wrongly leading to undue panic or preventing timely action. In addition, the connection of the equipment may vary the readin gs. There are various methods of oxygen administration in infants. These methods are selected depending on the availability of the equipment and hence affordability, as well as preference and infants condition. The methods are divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. The invasive methods make use of a tracheal tube and are recommended for infants with severe breathing conditions. The non-invasive methods include headbox oxygen administration which measures the oxygen concentration before entry into the respiratory system. Other methods include facemasks that assist in concentrating the oxygen being delivered around the nose. Both the headbox and facemasks pose a danger of carbon dioxide accumulation with increased expiration. Nasal prongs, nasal catheters and the nasopharyngeal catheters are also used to deliver oxygen to the lower

Insolvency Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Insolvency Law - Essay Example This concept of COMI has been used to allow the more powerful creditor to choose the regime that best suits their needs to maximize their return on credit. The following discussion is going to examine the theory of Professor Jackson and then consider whether he is indeed correct with insolvency law in the UK in domestic cases and then in consideration of cross-border proceedings where the EU regulations apply. In the US insolvency law seems to more geared towards the creditor regaining their money back, because in good faith they have lent it out. Jackson argues that the assets of the individual should be pooled together and divided amongst the creditors on the strict economic basis to maximize the return of credit to the creditor.1 This would mean that the laws that offer this maximization of credit should be applied, even if there are different jurisdictions because the debt crosses state or international borders.2 Therefore this will be illustrated as the approach taken by the EU in regard to the new trans-border insolvency regulations, rather than individual actions for each creditor in differing jurisdictions. The enforcement of individual creditors needs versus the individual debtors needs is the soft approach that the UK system of law takes and NOT in the best interests of creditors because they should be able to get the maximum return of credit because they are already a loss. Jac kson argues this hard economic approach, rather than an approach that considers the interests of the debtor.3 This is fair because the creditor in good faith has lent this money to the debtor expecting its return; therefore in the case that this is not possible the maximization of this return should be available.4 Therefore the question that has to be asked is what would the creditors' agreed to take prior to the insolvency and divided the assets this way, in order to get some return on the money lent in good faith, which is known as the creditor's bargain: The Creditor's Bargain Model was developed by Professor Jackson. The model in simplest terms was utilized to analyze almost any bankruptcy issue by asking the theoretical question: What would creditors agreed to if they had been asked in advance of insolvency Professor Jackson argued that normative bankruptcy principles should be viewed as resolving a limited common-pool problem caused by the execution and enforcement of individual creditor remedies when the debtor has insufficient assets to satisfy all claims.5 As one can see in the formula that Jackson uses the rights of the debtor are not considered, such as the right to a home and funds to live on. In the UK there is a lot softer system; however in light of the cross border insolvency regulations that the EU has introduced this will soon change for cases that transcend borders. UK Insolvency Law: The following discussion will consider the SSGR and UK insolvency proceedings; however with COMI being in force the protections provided to the consumer may be eroded in another jurisdiction where

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution skills Coursework

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution skills - Coursework Example We inquired our boss about the rumor and she said under no circumstances would be job be given based on preferential treatment. Two weeks later the job was given to cousin of the manager. I was very angry and disappointed because my boss has lied to us. I began to avoid my boss. My contract was up and I refused to sign another contract because I felt uncomfortable working under a person with such low ethical standards. The conflict resolution technique that I used without realizing was avoidance. Avoidance involves pretending the conflict does not exist (Shermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). During this course I learned a lot about conflict resolution. Based on my new knowledge and the fact that I have matured lot since then I would have handled the situation differently. A conflict resolution technique that would have improved my relations with my boss was accommodation. People that use accommodation style of conflict resolution value relationship and realize that conflict will only h arm relationships (Sdcoe, 2011). I could not find a way to resolve my issues with my boss. The use of accommodation would have enabled me to communicate the issue with my boss in order to play down our differences to find areas of agreement.

Education System in Pakistan

Education System in Pakistan How important is education for you? Importance of education can be imagined by Nelson Mandelas saying Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. That is the most powerful weapon that can change the world is Education. A nation cannot Progress without improving its education. What comes in your mind when you hear the term Education? It is very difficult to define it. Dewey defines education as a form of  learning  in which knowledge, skills, and  habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through auto didacticism (Dewey, John, (1916)) G. K. Chesterson also argues that Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another. And I feel that it is the most appropriate and comprehensive definition because education is the thing which differentiate two people not money, education tells us the difference between two people. An educated person talks differently, he has more sense to his talk than an uneducated person. The behavior of an educated person is totally different from an uneducated person. When you know better you do better (Maya Angelou). In short education defines a human being. What are we without education? Barbarian? We need educat ion to live in this world we cannot survive without education in this rapidly developing and progressing world if we, as Pakistanis, do not get educated we will not survive in this world for long if we need to move with the world we have to move fast and have to get more educated so that we can progress with the world otherwise we will be left behind and like always other people will bully us. So in here I will talk about the education system of our country, Pakistan, its flaws and good aspect of education system of our country. If a country has a commendable education system then that country is destined to prosper. Because education teaches a person the meaning of life it teaches a man how to live in this world. In the modern era, one can say that education is one of the most powerful weapons for a nation to conquer any combat and to be a sovereign state. Education is something which differentiates humans from animals. Every person is born with brains but it is education which shows us how to use it and use it to make our life easier and more luxurious for ourselves. Being an educated person means you have optimal access to your mind regardless of the situation you are in. (Tarry Malik (2012)) Education helps us understand this world and it teaches us how to make it better not only for ourselves but for the whole world. Education has opened all kinds of doors of enlighten to human kind and shows us the path of progress. It builds the whole society. It enlightens the whole society from the darkness of illit eracy to the light of knowledge. It teaches us discipline. And on the other hand a country cannot progress without improving its education system. Education has many forms; we can see different types of education in our surroundings. The most common type we observe is the formal education which is obtained in many ways. Our formal education starts from school the education we get from school is called primary education in primary education we learn very basic things like basics of maths the four operators addition, subtraction ,multiplications and division we only learn the basics of every subject. As said by Henry Fielding Public schools are the nurseries of all vice and immorality. Then comes the secondary education in this level of the education we learn basics of some complex subjects like biology and physics. Then comes the intermediate level or commonly known as inter level here we learn the advance but not that advance study of the science and we also learn arts subjects such as Urdu and English up to the level that we can write or read all kind of things. After that comes to the bachelors Level where we choose a subject and we learn all about that specific subject like B. A. English. In B. A. English we learn all the grammar and literature of English after the bachelors comes the master level in which we have even more specific field of the topic we choose earlier in the bachelors level and we learn all about that in master level. These are some common phases of education which come into our mind suddenly when we hear the word Education and these phases are called formal education. But education is not limited to formal type only; it has a very broad meaning. Apart from this formal type, other is also an informal type of education. Distant learning is one of its parts. Home and society is the most common source of it. Informal education is education which we get from our surrounding and society and from our daily experiences. And we can also get informal education from television and internet too. Informal education is as important as formal education. In Pakistan presently the institution are following two kinds of education systems, one being private sector and the other government sector. These two sectors cater the needs of the general public. Education system of private sector is more than satisfactory as they provide good teaching staff to their students and the syllabus they teach is also satisfactory. They also provide necessary extracurricular activities to their students. But the real problem is with the public or government sectors education as they neither have efficient teaching staff nor they have teachers which are well qualified for the job, and I think that is the biggest problem of them all, then the syllabus and the courses are not up to the mark. There are no extracurricular activities in public sector too. Apart from these differences, there is a contrast in teaching style and teachers behavior. Teachers are friendlier with their students in private institutes. In these institutes, students are able to learn mo re with more comfort. On the other hand this type of behavior is not common in public sector. A report published in the Journal of Human Resources says that School quality was found to have mixed effects on student achievement. However, in keeping with the estimates of school choice reported in this paper, high pupil-teacher ratios were found to have a uniform negative effect on student achievement, with the effect being particularly pronounced on language skills. This is also consistent with the large negative effect of pupil-teacher ratios on probability of selecting government schools. Finally, private schools were found to have better outcomes than government schools. (Harold Aldermana Peter F. Orazemb Elizabeth M. Paternoc (2001)). Due to this large difference between these two sectors, a common man cares about his children and do not allow the children to be admitted in the government sector. By admitting their child in private sector, most of the people are more satisfied about the future of their children. There are some flaws in the education system of Pakistan. We have very few resources to maintain a good structure of our education system. But the good thing is that our government is very committed to take some steps for betterment of education as National Educational Policy says The Ministry of Education has adopted following vision: Our education system must provide quality education to our children and youth to  enable them to realize their individual potential and contribute to development of society  and nation, creating a sense of Pakistani nationhood, the concepts of tolerance, social  justice, democracy, their regional and local culture and history based on the basic ideology  enunciated in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. (Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan (2009)) Our government has not enough budgets for education as we are facing some problems in our financial condition. Government is unable to start new schools, colleges and universities so there is a very few number of government institutes in our country so people have to concern with the private institutes to keep their education going, where they have to face heavy expenditure of education. We cannot blame any government for this flaw because as a state we are facing some serious problems regarding our econo my; we do not have enough assets and in addition to this, terrorism is also damaging the economy. But the good thing is that government is trying to increase its education budget to fulfill the educational expenditure of the country. So after some time we can have improved our number of resources. Also there is a huge unbalance in number of institutes in rural and urban area. There are 163,000 primary schools in Pakistan, of which merely 40,000 cater to girls. Of these, 15,000 are in Punjab Province, 13,000 in Sind, 8,000 in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and 4,000 in Baluchistan. (Aamir Latif, Alarming situation by Aamir Latif ()) Another problem in our system is untrained teachers, here we have no such mechanism by using which we can train the teachers. Because teacher is the one who builds the whole society. So he must be well aware of his responsibilities so that he can cultivate civilized and educated citizens. By organizing a community which teaches the teachers that how to behave and teach and also what to teach, this problem can be resolved. Outdated course is also one the major problem. Our educational experts must be well aware of what is happening in the world regarding to every field so that they can update curricula according to the need of time. Examination system is also facing some problems; in our system, class teacher is all and all as for as examinations are concerned. Papers are completely from the syllabus which teacher has discussed in the class but after middle, papers are made by the different educational boards regardless of what is being taught in different institutes and the communication gap between teachers, students and the respective board causes doubt in students mind. By compressing the communication gap, this flaw can be root caused. As discussed above, government should take some steps to improve the educational system of our country. For example they can start with the increase in the educational budget so they can attract good teachers and can build more schools, colleges and universities. It is very important to make more universities cause there is a lot of students who cannot afford private institutes for their further studies and need government universities to study further but due to small number of government universities some students are forced to leave there studies and they get a job to support their families. The government really needs to update their course and syllabus because it is now out dated and there are a lot of mistakes in books. One of the most annoying thing that they should improve or correct is examination system because exams taken by the government is not really meant to test the grip or concepts of the student it is rather based on the fact that how well the student memorize each and every word that is written in the book. The checking system is also not good as they do not give marks properly as there are so many complaints every year. The teaching style of the teachers is also not so much good as the teaching style of the teacher should be such that it brings out the true talent of the child but here teachers only read the text written in the books not explaining it properly not having different exercises with it which is not good enough. Apart from flaws there are some very good aspects of our educational system too. The most clear thing is that in spite of lack in resources and new technology, our system is not only working but one can assure that it is progressing and getting successful to educate the people of Pakistan. Which is clear by the figures During 2005-06, literacy rate for all adults of 15 years and above rose to 51.7% 53.5% during 2007-08 and for young adults (aged 15-24 years) to 67% in 2005-06 68% in 2007-08. Both these rates show improvements from their 2001-02 levels, of 43% and 62% respectively. (Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan (2009)) So, as I had said that education is very important for every one we should encourage everyone to obtain it because it helps us live in this world it is the reason that westerns are so far ahead of us in every aspect of life. Until we do not get educated we cannot help our country or show our country the path of development and progress the only way Pakistan can progress is with the help of educated people which we lack a lot. So our government should pay special attention towards the development of the educational system of our country so that we can produce more educated people in Pakistan. It is not only governments responsibility to improve the educational system of Pakistan it is our responsibility too to make the educational system of Pakistan more efficient and more effective.

Computational Linguistics :: Essays Papers

Computational Linguistics Computational linguistics is a discipline between linguistics and computer science which is concerned with the computational aspects of the human language. This area of computer science overlaps with the field of Artificial Intelligence. Basically, computational linguistics is a series of programs that interprets human speech into words and actions. There are a couple of different areas of computational linguistics and those areas are theoretical computational linguistics and applied computational linguistics. Each one of those areas are divided up into more areas. Theoretical computational linguistics is composed of theoretical linguistics and cognitive science. This particular area deals with formal theories about the linguistic knowledge that a human needs for generating and understanding language. This area has advanced so much, and has become so complex that it can only be managed by using computers. With these computers computational linguists develop formal models simulating aspects of the human language and then incorporates that into programs. These programs that they write constitute the basis for the evaluation and further development of their theories. Along with these theories there is another part that plays a big role in theoretical computational linguistics and that part is cognitive sciences. What I mean by that is that part of these programs interprets what is being said and then it matches it up to what is in its programming. The other part of computational linguistics is called applied computational linguistics which focuses on the practical outcome of modeling human language use. The methods, techniques, tools, and applications in this area are often subsumed under the term language engineering or (human language technology. The current computational linguistic systems are far from achieving human ability of communicating they have numerous applications. The goal for this is to eventually have a computer program that will have the same communication skills as a human being. Once this is achieved it will open doors never thought possible in computing. After all the major problem today with computing is communication with the computer. Today’s computers don’t really understand our language and it is very difficult to learn computer language, plus computer language doesn’t correspond to the structure of human thought.

Avalanches

We keep our presentations on avalanches in response to the newspaper study: four killed by avalanches in Italy. The message appeared on February 7 at nu.nl.Then we explain more about avalanchesAn avalanche is a big mass of snow coming down a incline. An avalanche can be so great that full small towns buried by the snow, but besides a little avalanche can be lifelessly if they hit underneath.Newspaper PostFour killed by avalanches in Italy ROME / VIENNA – During the weekend in northern Italy four people killed by avalanches. That intelligence bureau ANSA reported. All the victims were Italians. On Sunday, in the mountains near Belluno a adult male by an avalanche, a second was earnestly injured. A 3rd was unharmed and alerted the governments. Furthermore, deliverance workers found the organic structure of the Monte Baldo, a 17-year-old male child that Saturday was struck by an avalanche. Another male child was found dead Saturday eventide. In Lecco was eventually the organic structure of a 50-year-old adult male found who was losing since Saturday after an avalanche. In Austria, by avalanches since Thursday killed seven people including a 35-year-old Norse, APA intelligence bureau reported Sunday. The hazard of avalanches remains really big, the governments said. In add-on to this notice, there are late published several articles on accidents affecting avalanchesMessage 1, 27 December ( nu.nl )Surely seven people were killed this weekend by avalanches in the Alps. The deceases occurred in cragged countries in the independent part of Trentino-South Tyrol in Italy. Four saviors died Saturday during a hunt for two losing tourers. They were maintained at a tallness of about 2000 metres buried by an avalanche. A 14-year-old snowboarder from Germany came elsewhere in the part were killed by an avalanche. In Austria, Saturday besides still contained the remains of two German skiers, who since last Monday to book were losing.Message 2, January 3 ( nu.nl )By avalanches in Switzerland on Sunday at least four people were killed. Surely six others were earnestly injured. The media have reported in the Alpine part. In the vale near the capital Bern Diemtigtal killed two skiers and a physician for life. The physician belonged to a group of saviors after an avalanche had come to the deliverance and was buried under a 2nd avalanche. The 4th decease is a cross-country skiers in the Gallic talking portion of Guangzhou Valais was buried under an avalanche. About the nationality of the dead were non disclosed.Message 3, 4 January ( nu.nl )The decease toll from avalanches on Sunday in Switzerland on Monday has risen to five. One individual died of his hurts in infirmary. Three skiers are still losing Monday, the Swiss intelligence bureau SDA reported. In Austria, two German skiers of 18 and 19 old ages to life. In Diedamskopf ski country in the West of the state fell two Sundays off a incline and crashed into a ravine. The Austrian intelligence bureau APA reported Monday that their cadavers were found.DangersSnow Avalanches may happen if dust avalanche or sliding or rollawine. The first move at high velocity, up to 100s of kilometres per hr, and are particularly unsafe because of the tremendous force per unit area wave they create. This force per unit area moving ridge can omblazen trees and snow in the lungs of victims imperativenesss. The 2nd type of avalanche is unsafe because he people, or even full houses, and retarding forces with him to bury himself under. The snow is so pressed and frequently really hard to delve off. Under the snow, a deficiency of O to happen, but besides an accretion of C dioxide from the exhaled air of the victim, thereby choking. Apart from asphyxiation, many victims of avalanches die from hypothermia. The survival chance of an avalanche victim falls quickly with the transition of clip. After 45 proceedingss, merely a 3rd of the victims alive from the snow be removed. Shortly after the deliverance is still a important hazard of decease by the alleged â€Å" Bergungstod † ( Salvation Death ) . It brings the blood circulation traveling in front every bit much waste merchandises of metamorphosis from the limbs back to the cardinal variety meats, so that it poisoned them and interrupt. With an increasing figure of skiers, take, despite security steps, the figure of avalanche victims in the Alps far. Many of them are outside the pronounced pistes. A strong substrate, such as a wood, or particular healthy fencings, able to cut down the hazard of an avalanche in that they hold the snow or decelerating down.Categorization of hazardThe European Avalanche Scale classifies the hazard that an avalanche occurs. This categorization normally refers to larger countries and gives merely a first indicant of the possible danger. Factors such as the abruptness of a incline, sneeuwverwaaiingen, temperature, Sun, clip of twenty-four hours and orientation of a incline are besides at the micro degree besides affected. The following tabular array explains the rating graduated table. The column â€Å" How frequently † indicates how frequently an mean winter in Switzerland, this state of affairs occurs.Hazard Avalanche danger How frequently Flag1 – Low Merely on steep inclines and at high tonss, for illustration, by a group of skiers, avalanches can happen. Spontaneous avalanches are non expected. For 1/5 of the winter Yellow flag 2 à ¢â‚¬â€œ Moderate Small self-generated avalanches are possible. On steep inclines, a individual skier cause an avalanche, groups can besides do avalanches on normal inclines. For 1/2 of the winter Yellow flag 3 – Considerable Spontaneous avalanches occurred on steep inclines that besides flatter and deeper country can make. On normal inclines, a individual skier already do an avalanche. Ski touring, so off-piste, can merely take topographic point under the counsel of an experient usher. For 1/3 of the winte Yellow-black checkered flag 4 – Large Large self-generated avalanches occur. It is unsafe to go forth the sphere. For several yearss per winter Black Flag 5 – Very Large Extreme avalanche danger. Not merely the inclines are unsafe, even small towns and substructure such as roads and railwaies are threatened. You may necessitate to be evacuated. Rarely, an norm of 1 twenty-four hours per winter Black Flag

Understanding Ethics essayEssay Writing Service

Understanding Ethics essayEssay Writing Service Understanding Ethics essay Understanding Ethics essayEXCERCISE #1Identify a case in which its moral is correct, but where the consequences are negative.When a company wants to retain employees to provide them with jobs and fulfill its social responsibility but this decision deteriorates its competitive position, decreases revenues and leads to negative effects in terms of business development of the company is the case, when moral is correct, while consequences are negative.Identify a case in which its moral is incorrect, but where the consequences are positiveThe case, when the company outsources jobs to improve its performance and its competitive position that leads to the loss of jobs and decline of the local community.Which of those 2 situations is preferable to you?The first situation is more preferable because it makes social responsibility of business prior to business interests and business serves to interests of the community but not to interest of business alone.EXCERCISE #2Identify a case in which i ts moral is correct for the company, but where the consequences are good for the managers and bad for the workersThis case is the case, when the company pays off high compensations for managers for the positive organizational performance but pays off no compensations or bonuses for workers.Identify a case in which its moral is incorrect for the company, but where the consequences are good for the managers and bad for the workersThis is the case, when top managers receive high bonuses, while the company is in decline and the company cuts jobs,EXCERCISE #3Answer the following questions:What should an employee do to solve an ethical dilemma with his supervisor, assuming his boss belongs to a different culture?An employee should understand the cultural background of his boss and understand him.What should a supervisor do to solve an ethical dilemma with an employee, assuming the employee belongs to a different culture?A supervisor should offer the solution that is culturally acceptable for an employee.

When to Ask for Graduate School Recommendation Letters

When to Ask for Graduate School Recommendation Letters Faculty members are busy people and graduate admissions time falls at an especially hectic point in the academic year - usually at the end of the fall semester. It is important that hopeful applicants demonstrate respect for their  letter writers time by providing them with plenty of advance notice. Although at least a month is preferable, more is better and less than two weeks is unacceptable - and will likely be met with a no by the faculty member. The ideal time to give a letter writer, though, is anywhere from one to two months before the letter is due with your submission. What Letter Writers Need From the Applicant Chances are, the letter writer a graduate school applicant has selected knows him or her on a professional and personal level and will, therefore, have a good foundation for what should be included,  but he or she may need a bit more information about the program being applied to, the applicants goals in applying, and even perhaps a bit more information about the applicants academic and professional careers. When asking a peer, colleague, or faculty member to write a letter of recommendation, it is important the writer knows the finer points of the program being applied to. For instance, if the applicant is requesting a letter for a medical graduate school as opposed to a graduate law school, the writer would want to include accomplishments the applicant has made in the medical field while under his or her guidance. Understanding the applicants goals in continuing to pursue an education will also benefit the writer. If,  for instance, the applicant hopes to further his or her understanding of a field as opposed to progressing his career, the writer may want to include independent research projects he or she helped the applicant with or a particularly strong academic paper the student wrote on the matter. Finally, the more details an applicant is able to provide the letter writer about his or her accomplishments in academic or professional pursuits of the degree, the better the letter of recommendation will be. Even a students most trusted advisor might not know the full breadth of his or her achievements, so its important they give a bit of a background on their history in the field. What to Do After Getting a Letter Provided the applicant gave the letter writer enough time before the application deadline, there are a few things the applicant should do after receiving his or her recommendation letter. First things first - applicants should read the letter and make sure none of the information in it is erroneous or contradicts other parts of their application. If an error is spotted, its perfectly acceptable to ask the writer to have another look and inform them of the mistake.  Secondly, its very important that applicants write a thank you letter, note, or some sort of gesture of gratitude toward the faculty member or colleague who wrote the letter - this little thanks goes a long way in maintaining important professional connections in a related field (since most letter writers should be affiliated with the field of study the applicant is pursuing).Finally, applicants must not forget to send the letter with their graduate school applications. It may seem obvious, but the number of times these vital pieces of paper fall to the wayside in the chaos of applying bears repeating: do not forget to send the recommendation letter.

Health and nutrition worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and nutrition worksheet - Essay Example Physical activity enables one to fight depression, boost energy, manage weight, build muscles and sleep better. To get enough physical activity, one should change their sedentary lifestyle and engage in activities that require movement. Factors that influence food choices include: biological factors like taste, appetite and hunger; economic factors like one’s income, availability, and cost; social factors like peer pressure and culture; physical factors like time, cooking skills and access to food; and knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about food. This is because not everyone can access the same food due to the above differences. Proteins consist of large amino acids which are broken down when chewing then digested in the stomach then in the small intestines for absorption. Carbohydrates are digested from the mouth where saliva breaks and passes them to the esophagus and stomach for further digestion. Carbohydrates make one feel fuller longer because some are stored in the liver for later usage. Nutrients are used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through various processes such as glycolysis whereby glucose found in nutrients is broken down into two subunits referred to as pyruvate. After pyruvate has been formed by glycolysis, respiration will enable nutrients to produce ATP by facilitating the combination of pyruvates with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide, thus forming

To what extent can a measure of national income (GDP) Essay

To what extent can a measure of national income (GDP) - Essay Example Keywords: GDP, welfare, happiness, economy, wealth. GDP as a Measure of Happiness and Welfare Gross Domestic Product is a value of all the final goods and services that are produced in domestic territory of an economy, within a single accounting year. This is used as a measurement for finding out the different levels of growth in an economy. Not only that, but the GDP is used to compare the growth and development of one economy with another as well. However, with time, many economists have begun trying to find out the happiness index faced by the citizens of a country, with the help of the GDP. However, they fail to pose the following questions; what is the relationship between GDP and welfare? Can GDP be regarded as a good index of welfare among the people of a country? Or is it simply a measure for finding out the kind of growth and development the economy has undergone, not taking into account the actual distribution of wealth? While looking at the figures of per capita income and national income of a country on the whole, one may find that the country is prospering very well and has achieved growing levels of independency when it comes to its market segments and trade related areas. The country might be doing really well in almost all fields – right from the primary to the tertiary sector. But just because something looks good from the outside, it cannot be judged inside as well, can it? In simple terms, the capacity to purchase goods and services is what makes people feel satisfied. However, this capacity or purchasing power is available to the people of a nation on the basis of their incomes. If they have low incomes, then they are able to afford lesser and vice versa. The happiness index of a person thus, depends on the kind of satisfaction he is able to achieve, which in turn, as discussed above, is a direct reaction to the level of income earned by him. In this case, the GDP cannot be measured in terms of the number of goods and services sold in an economy in a year, but by the level of distribution of income within the country which in turn affects the number of goods and services purchased by different sections of society within a year. Therefore, the use of goods and services by different people in an economy is what contributes to their well being, and not just the GDP alone. The greater the magnitude of the GDP, the greater the welfare of the people, was what was earlier believed by most economists. However, with more development and consumerism all around the world, with people having higher power and choices in order to utilize resources to satisfy their needs and wants, the GDP itself poses very stark limitations to the kind of measurement it can hope to provide to measuring an index of welfare of the nation. (Osberg, Lars and Sharpe, Andrew) In order to understand this argument better, one needs to delve into the levels of distribution of income within a nation or an economy. The distribution of wealth is not unif orm in most economies, may they be developed or developing ones. There is always a clear demarcation between the haves and the have not’